National leaders gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 for a convention to reshape the government. George Washington presided over the meetings, in which state delegates considered the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. The Great Compromise settled how states would be represented, and the Three-Fifths Compromise declared that—for purposes of taxation and representation—an enslaved person counted as three-fifths of a free person. Although three delegates refused to sign, a draft of the new Constitution was approved.
As the Framers wrote the Constitution, they borrowed ideas from other political systems and philosophers of the Enlightenment. The Constitution created a federal system that divided powers between the national government and the states. Disputes between the two levels of government would be settled by the federal courts, using the Constitution as the final and supreme authority. In a further effort to decentralize power, the Framers divided government between three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—and built in a system of checks and balances.
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